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  • NEWS FROM 100 YEARS AGO : 28 September 1925

    NEWS FROM 100 YEARS AGO : 28 September 1925

    28 SEPTEMBER 1925

    Returning from Geneva, Mr Amery, in an interview, expressed Britain’s readiness to abide by the League of Nations’ decision in the Mosul boundary dispute. He further stated that if Iraq retains its present frontiers there is every reason to hope that in a short time the British taxpayer will be free from any cost attributable to administration or defence of the State.

    Mr Austen Chamberlain received from the German Ambassador the reply of the German Government to the invitation of the Powers to send representatives to the Security Pact Conference, which is expected to take place in Switzerland on October 5. The text of the German Note will be published to-morrow.

    At the closing sitting of the League Assembly, Senator Dandurand declared that the deliberations had shown that the spirit of the protocol drawn up last year still lived, and constituted at the present time an ideal line of conduct. The work done in the last few weeks showed that the sixth Assembly had not disappointed the hopes which the world had set upon it.

    It is expected that M. Caillaux will make a new offer to the American Debt Commission.

  • NEWS FROM 100 YEARS AGO : 27 September 1925

    NEWS FROM 100 YEARS AGO : 27 September 1925

    27 SEPTEMBER 1925

    Following an incident where Flying Officer Cuddon-Davies had died, the Air Ministry decided to equip all aircraft with parachutes.

    Stanley Baldwin, the Prime Minister, visited Balmoral Castle to visit the King.

    The Food Council confirmed an inquiry into the high prices of milk and meat, adding that they were addressing the short measure scandal with legislation expected.

  • NEWS FROM 100 YEARS AGO : 26 September 1925

    NEWS FROM 100 YEARS AGO : 26 September 1925

    26 SEPTEMBER 1925

    The Food Council, in a report on bread prices, records its unanimous finding that the charge of 10d. for the quartern loaf is unjustified.

    The Mining Association correct Mr Cook, the miners’ secretary, regarding his statement on the Prime Minister’s decision. They state that no profits are guaranteed to the owners; and that the guarantee to the miners was that their wages shall not be reduced below the minimum that would have been payable had the agreement of 1924 remained in operation.

    Mr. A. J. Cook, the miners’ secretary, in an interview, replies to Mr Ramsay MacDonald. He says Mr MacDonald’s action in attacking the decisions of the Trade Union Congress is an insult to the British Trade Union movement, from which the Labour Party receives its financial support and help. Without the Trade Union movement, the Labour Party would die.

    At the meeting of the League Assembly, Viscount Cecil warmly supported various resolutions relating to the principles of arbitration and disarmament.

    M. Caillaux’s proposal of a basis for the settlement of the French debt has surprised the American Debt Commission, but do not regard it as either final or definite.

    No reply has yet been received from Germany accepting an invitation to the Conference on the Security Pact. The Federal Premiers have, however, unanimously approved the Cabinet’s decision to attend.

    A general attack on the Rif front by the French is reported to be imminent. The Spaniards have been hampered by ill-luck and bad weather, and despite their recent success have much hard fighting in front of them. A campaign lasting far into the winter is contemplated.

    Colonel Jackson M.P., speaking at Swansea on the proposed closing of dockyards, said the Prime Minister had decided to bring the question before the Cabinet before any definite steps were taken.

    The Colonial Secretary has telegraphed to the Governor of Hong-Kong that he is pressing for a settlement of the negotiations with Chinese bankers and business men upon whose assistance the Hong-Kong Government depends for the disposal of loans. Of the £3,000,000 at its disposal the Government has still to raise £1,000,000.

  • NEWS FROM 100 YEARS AGO : 25 September 1925

    NEWS FROM 100 YEARS AGO : 25 September 1925

    25 SEPTEMBER 1925

    A deadlock has arisen in the coal trade. The miners’ deputation, after hearing Mr Baldwin’s reply to their representations as to the interpretation of the truce, expressed themselves as dissatisfied, and have called a delegate conference. They have also resolved not to aid the Royal Commission in its work or take any part in its proceedings.

    A body has been set up in London for the maintenance of supplies and vital services in the event of a general strike. Steps are being taken to create corresponding organisations in all the principal centres of the kingdom.

    The Council of the League of Nations decided to send a Commission of Inquiry to Mosul.

    Preliminary conversations took place at Washington between M. Caillaux and Mr Mellon with reference to the French debt, and to-day the Franco-American Debt Commission gets to business.

    Developing their offensive in Morocco, the Spanish forces have carried the Alhucemas Heights with losses which are described as small compared with the magnitude of the victory.

    At a general meeting of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce, held at Aberdeen, the President, Mr Stanley Machin, referred to the possibility of a serious stoppage of traffic, and said it was the duty of the Government to prepare for such an event. If an appeal were made for volunteers, and the assistance of all organisations capable of rendering help he felt sure they would have a great response from the whole community.

  • NEWS STORY : Streeting Rules Out Levying VAT on Private Healthcare

    NEWS STORY : Streeting Rules Out Levying VAT on Private Healthcare

    STORY

    Health Secretary Wes Streeting has firmly rejected speculation that the government is considering introducing VAT on private healthcare services, declaring that “it’s not happening” when questioned at the Labour Party conference. His confirmation came amidst mounting rumours that the government might look for new revenue streams ahead of the upcoming budget. Streeting is making a speech at conference today with an expected emphasis of the contribution made by foreign NHS staff.

  • NEWS STORY : Starmer Welcomes US Peace Plan and Urges Hamas to Seize Chance for Ceasefire

    NEWS STORY : Starmer Welcomes US Peace Plan and Urges Hamas to Seize Chance for Ceasefire

    STORY

    Keir Starmer has expressed public support for the new US-led peace initiative for Gaza, calling the proposal “profoundly welcome” and urging all parties, especially Hamas, to “agree to the plan and end the misery.” In an official statement from 10 Downing Street, Starmer announced that the UK will back efforts to end hostilities, free hostages, and facilitate urgent humanitarian assistance for civilians in Gaza.

    Starmer’s remarks were timed soon after the US unveiled a 20-point plan reportedly focused on disarming Hamas, forming a transitional governing structure for Gaza, and orchestrating a phased withdrawal of Israeli forces. He said that achieving a sustainable peace will require “collective effort” from the international community, not just diplomatic pledges.

    Reactions across the world have been mixed. While leaders in Europe and parts of the Middle East have cautiously endorsed the proposal, many in Gaza and among the Palestinian leadership remain sceptical, pointing to previous peace efforts that foundered on demands for disarmament. There is a fear that the plan may unfairly penalise Palestinians and sideline Hamas entirely without a realistic path forward. practice is wide.

  • PRESS RELEASE : New £10 million fund to support UK businesses to deliver next generation of semiconductors [September 2025]

    PRESS RELEASE : New £10 million fund to support UK businesses to deliver next generation of semiconductors [September 2025]

    The press release issued by the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology on 24 September 2025.

    UK semiconductor innovation boosted as Tech Minister announces £10 million fund.

    • Tech Minister announces £10 million fund to boost UK semiconductor innovation from lab to market
    • Investment supports British companies developing computer chip technologies central to our national security and powering everyday products like phones and cars
    • Funding helps UK’s strongest companies to compete in a global market worth hundreds of billions, supporting growth through the government’s Plan for Change

    People across the country will benefit from smarter, more secure technology in their everyday lives thanks to a £10 million investment in British semiconductors announced by Tech Minister Kanishka Narayan today (Wednesday 24 September).

    The investment is expected to support up to 40 British businesses in accelerating development of the tiny computer chips that are central to powering everything from smartphones and cars to medical devices and renewable energy systems.

    With the UK semiconductor sector on track to grow by 75% by 2030, funding will be targeted at boosting areas where the UK is strongest, to turbocharge investment from around the world and compete in a global market worth hundreds of billions of pounds.

    Companies to benefit from the Innovate UK fund include Paragraf Limited, which develops highly energy-efficient semiconductor devices using graphene technology. These advanced devices could help mobile phone batteries last longer and reduce energy consumption in cars, aircraft, and defence systems. 

    The technology underpins critical national infrastructure, from secure communications and defence systems to satellites and cyber security, making UK semiconductor innovation vital for national resilience.

    Tech Minister, Kanishka Narayan said:

    There is immense potential in the UK semiconductors sector. By investing in its growth, we will build on our country’s strengths, setting ourselves apart in a highly competitive market to unlock new skilled jobs at home and boost our economy.

    We’re backing Britain’s businesses with the support they need to thrive, helping turn world-class research into major advancements such as more efficient mobile phones and TVs – making life easier for people right across the UK.

    Meanwhile, Silicon Microgravity Limited will create matchbox-sized navigation devices that can work without relying on satellite signals. These devices will be used in wearable technology such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, as well as industrial robots, providing the UK with critical capabilities in navigation technology that strengthens our independence from international systems.

    The fund will provide these companies with access to specialist, ultra-clean semiconductor manufacturing facilities, technical expertise, and business mentoring to help translate their innovations into commercial products.

    These projects build on established UK strengths in cutting-edge semiconductor research and navigation technologies.

    Across the UK, firms such as Pragmatic in Durham and Cambridge, Vishay and KLA in Newport, and Paragraf in Cambridgeshire are driving innovation in cutting edge technologies from flexible electronics and graphene-based devices to power semiconductors and advanced manufacturing. The UK’s largest tech company, Arm, is a global leader in chip design, demonstrating how UK expertise can drive the next generation of semiconductor breakthroughs.

    Minister Narayan will announce the funding at the Microelectronics UK Conference, where international industry leaders and government representatives will gather to advance collaboration and innovation in this strategically important sector for our economies.

    This investment will strengthen Britain’s capabilities in advanced manufacturing and clean energy technologies, while building the domestic semiconductor expertise essential for economic growth and national resilience in an increasingly digital world. It will directly support the government’s Industrial Strategy and Plan for Change mission to fuel economic growth.

    The announcement reinforces the UK’s commitment to building sovereign capabilities in semiconductors, reducing vulnerability to supply chain disruptions whilst creating high-skilled jobs and export opportunities in a sector that will be fundamental to Britain’s future economic success.

    Iain Mauchline, Head of Semiconductors, Innovate UK, said:

    This funding being delivered by Innovate UK (through the Technology Missions Fund and DSIT) is for diverse projects, all developing cutting-edge semiconductor innovations that are fundamental for the UK and our frontier technology areas.

    We’re pleased to provide support for these innovative companies who are using semiconductors as the key enabling technology to make a difference across a vast range of industries.

  • PRESS RELEASE : Football clubs partner with Government to help young people into work [September 2025]

    PRESS RELEASE : Football clubs partner with Government to help young people into work [September 2025]

    The press release issued by the Department for Work and Pensions on 24 September 2025.

    Thousands more young people are to receive life-changing support into work or training – with football clubs across the country signing up to help the Government in their mission to ensure every 18-to-21-year-old has the chance to earn or learn.

    • Every Premier League Football Club Charity now in talks with DWP to support the Youth Guarantee – helping more young people get into work or training.
    • Youth Hub scheme to double to over 200 locations, giving more young people access to employment, skills and wellbeing support at football clubs, libraries and community centres closer to home.
    • EFL in the Community, the charitable arm of the English Football League (EFL), and Rugby Football League confirm new partnerships, harnessing the power of sport to champion young people and break down barriers to opportunities as part of the Plan for Change.

    Thousands more young people are to receive life-changing support into work or training – with football clubs across the country signing up to help the Government in their mission to ensure every 18-to-21-year-old has the chance to earn or learn.

    The Government’s highly successful Youth Hubs – which are hosted by sports clubs and other community venues in England, Scotland and Wales – will almost double in number thanks to £25 million investment announced today.

    The funding was announced as it was revealed that every Premier League club charity in England is now discussing with Government how they can help get young people earning or learning, while the EFL in the Community and Rugby Football League have also been confirmed as new partners, supporting the same aim.

    This means even more young people across the country are being helped by their local teams, as well as the Government’s other Youth Guarantee partners.

    To mark the expansion of the programme and our partnership with the Premier League, Secretary of State Pat McFadden will visit Selhurst Park, home to the Palace for Life Youth Hub and Crystal Palace football club, where he will meet staff and young people benefitting from the service to see first-hand the impact it is having in the community.

    Youth Hubs offer personalised, wraparound employment, skills and wellbeing support to young people in the areas of highest need. Thanks to this latest investment they will almost double to over 200 places across England, Scotland and Wales in the next three years.

    The Hubs bring support, such as CV and wellbeing advice, directly to young people – taking place in settings right at the heart of the community like sports clubs, libraries and community centres.

    With nearly one million young people not in education, employment or training, this expansion is helping to inspire a renewed sense of purpose and ambition in young people as well as breaking down barriers to opportunity as part of the Plan for Change.

    Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Pat McFadden, said:

    The number of young people not in education, employment or training is unacceptably high, and this Government will not stand by while so many are robbed of their potential and our country of its future.

    Through our £25 million expansion of Youth Hubs and partnerships with the Premier League and other key organisations, we’re creating real opportunities for the next generation, ensuring support is targeted to those most in need.

    This investment will support our mission to give every young person the skills and confidence they need to thrive, as we break down barriers to opportunity under our Plan for Change.

    Run in partnership with Jobcentres, Youth Hubs bring Youth Work Coaches together with local partners including charities, councils and employers to provide everything from CV advice to skills training to careers guidance and wellbeing support. In future, they will also provide access to mental health services, housing and homelessness support.

    Erin is one of many young people who have flourished thanks to the Government-funded support offered by her local Youth Hub.

    Unemployed for two years and struggling with motivation, she visited the Palace for Life Youth Hub. After joining the hospitality programme where she gained valuable experience and confidence, she completed a work placement and was offered a permanent job, marking the start of an exciting new chapter.

    The Secretary of State will host a roundtable at Selhurst Park with existing Youth Guarantee partners including the Premier League and Channel 4, as well as new partners such as the EFL in the Community and Rugby Football League.

    Clare Sumner, chief policy and social impact officer at the Premier League said:

    The Premier League is proud to support the expansion of Youth Hubs so young people, whatever their background, can access the opportunities, support and inspiration they deserve.

    Between 2022 and 2025, the Premier League has invested £1.6 billion into wider football and communities, helping support people of all ages who need it most, and create more chances for young people to learn and grow. By working in partnership with Government on the Youth Guarantee, we can build on this foundation and ensure Youth Hubs offer even more opportunities to help young people thrive.

    Together we are showing how football is more than a game, reaching those who need support most, helping them fulfil their potential and strengthening communities nationwide.

    The announcement is the latest example of the Government’s work to tackle the rising number of young people not in education, employment, or training. In August, an additional £45 million was invested to extend funding for eight Youth Guarantee trailblazers across England whilst an extra £100 million will help to train up 40,000 young construction workers as the Government continues to break down barriers to opportunity under the Plan for Change.

    It marks another step in the plan to Get Britain Working and raise living standards by modernising Jobcentres, boosting the National Living Wage, and creating more secure jobs through the Employment Rights Bill.

    Additional information

    Ayesha Baloch, Senior Policy Advisor at Impetus, said: 

    The renewed focus on Youth Hubs is a fantastic opportunity to engage more young people in employment by creating a welcoming space where they truly want to be. Through a culture of hospitality, Youth Hubs have the potential to engage hundreds of thousands of young people currently locked out of the labour market and missing out on key employment support. A vital part of the Youth Guarantee, Hubs are a crucial outlet for ensuring all young people get the support they need to join the labour market and thrive in work.

    Sam Avanzo Windett, Deputy Director at Learning and Work Institute (L&W), said:

    With nearly a million young people not currently earning or learning, further investment in the Government’s Youth Hubs network is welcome. In England, we know that fewer than one in four young people not in education, employment or training are getting help to move into work and around half are not claiming benefits and risk missing out on support altogether. Youth Hubs co-locate services, making it easier for young people to access support and help overcome the associated stigma that deters many young people from engaging with Jobcentre Plus. Engaging and offering more young people help to find a job or improve their skills is essential for our future workforce and to help reach the Government’s aim for an 80 per cent employment rate.

    Barry Fletcher, CEO at Youth Futures Foundation said: 

    Youth Hubs have made a promising start at providing place-based solutions to help young people into work – meeting young people where they are with targeted support, welcoming spaces, and trusted relationships.

    Expanding them and linking with Youth Guarantee trailblazer areas is an important part of the system response needed to reduce the large number of young people not in education, employment or training, and build a more prosperous future.

    Neil Carberry, Recruitment and Employment Confederation (REC) Chief Executive, and an RFU-qualified rugby referee and coach, said:

    This is the kind of creative thinking needed to encourage more young people into the workforce. It also keeps the ball rolling toward the goal of ensuring local organisations, employers, and recruiters target support effectively at economically inactive people in their communities. As recruiters, we know that all it takes is a small steer, suggestion, or personally delivered coaching to help a young person land a job.

    Becci Newton, Director, Public Policy Research, Institute for Employment Studies, said:  

    The Government’s announcement of substantial new investment in youth hubs across Great Britain is great news for young people, particularly those struggling with unemployment or inactivity. Hubs bring together a range of services to support young people to find work or training. Plus, hubs co-locate services so there can be easy access to support on physical and mental health, housing, transport and other possible issues.

    Our evaluation with young people showed high degrees of satisfaction with youth hubs. Young people appreciated the personalised support available and the welcoming environment which helped to secure their engagement.

    Patrick Milnes, Head of Policy, People and Work at the British Chambers of Commerce: 

    Getting more young people into employment, education or training is a top priority for business.  

    Firms know that the longer we leave this young pool of talent to drift away from the workplace the harder it becomes for them to engage. 

    Collaboration with sports organisations can be a match winner. We really welcome this new initiative as a powerful springboard to accelerate Government schemes we know are already making a difference.

    Elizabeth Taylor, ERSA’s Chief Executive said:

    ERSA strongly welcomes the expansion of Youth Hubs, we have long campaigned for this model of co-location with work coaches, employment support providers and community-based organisations, as we know it is an effective way of harnessing engagement and better outcomes for individuals.

    A report published last week (17 September) by ERSA, supported by EFL in the Community, found that Football Club charities are trusted and visible organisations, rooted in some of the most deprived communities in England and Wales, who can effectively engage with disadvantaged groups who may not otherwise access mainstream provision.

    Marc Lovering, RFL Director of Development

    The RFL are huge supporters of the Youth Hubs initiative. The sport makes a positive impact on thousands of young people across the north of England, especially through our charitable Foundations and Community Wellbeing Hubs – and we look forward to building on our work alongside the DWP, other agencies and sports under this exciting new investment.

    • The expansion of Youth Hubs will include a standardised service model to ensure consistent, high-quality support across all Youth Hubs, marking a significant step forward in delivering more accessible, joined-up employment support and connecting young people to a wider range of services such as health, housing, and wellbeing support.
    • The latest ONS young people not in education, employment or training statistics were published on Thursday 21 August at 9.30 here: Young people not in education, employment or training (NEET), UK – Office for National Statistics
  • Yvette Cooper – 2025 Speech at the UN Security Council Meeting on Ukraine

    Yvette Cooper – 2025 Speech at the UN Security Council Meeting on Ukraine

    The speech made by Yvette Cooper, the Foreign Secretary, at the UN Security Council Meeting held in New York on 23 September 2025.

    Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you to the Secretary General for his briefing, and thank you to President Zelenskyy and Minister Sybiha. The United Kingdom commends you for your leadership and your determination.

    Thank you too for welcoming me to Kyiv two weeks ago, where I saw first-hand the impact of Russia’s brutal war and I met families whose lives had been uprooted, their homes destroyed, their children’s education torn apart.

    But as Putin cynically stalls on peace, I also saw a nation resolute in its fight, and I saw the strength and the courage of the Ukrainian people, the soldiers, civilians, the mothers and fathers, first responders, health care workers, who are standing up to defend their homes and their land.

    Russia’s illegal and unprovoked war of aggression is not just a test of Ukrainian resilience and security, it is an assault on the United Nations Charter and its most foundational principles: respect for sovereignty and for territorial integrity, principles on which we all depend every day and feel acutely whenever they are threatened. And it is an assault on the UN Charter by a member of this Security Council.

    President Zelenskyy has made clear that he wants peace and wants this war to end, that he and Ukraine have supported a full unconditional ceasefire and reaffirmed his readiness to meet President Putin.

    Alongside European partners, the US and President Trump are working to support a peace process, but Putin continues to choose war. He has rejected calls for a meaningful ceasefire. He has refused even to meet President Zelenskyy in a neutral venue.

    And Putin’s strategy includes the forced deportation, indoctrination, and militarisation of children. It includes the intensifying of targets against civilians, strikes on Ukrainian cities and critical infrastructure on families as they sleep in their beds at night.

    Civilian casualties have risen nearly 40% with children killed in playgrounds, diplomatic premises and government buildings damaged, hospitals and schools destroyed. And these are not accidents of war. They are the result of a cruel strategy targeting the people and communities of Ukraine.

    But anyone who knows Ukrainians knows that this will never succeed because their determination to hold on to their freedom to protect their families, their nation far exceeds Russia’s ability to take those things away.

    And indeed, what we have seen is Ukraine repeatedly, repeatedly, undermine Russia’s military goals, so that despite the huge Russian mobilisation attempts in the last three years, their overall impact on their military goals has been minimal.

    In this war that they started, their losses are now 20 times higher than were Soviet losses in Afghanistan.

    In this war that they are continuing to pursue, they’re struggling to recruit, and in some areas, their stocks are so low they have resorted to using military equipment from the 1950s.

    What is this for? Because, as Ukraine stands firm against Russia, the United Kingdom stands firm with Ukraine. We know that Ukraine’s security is our security, and all of us depend on upholding the UN Charter.

    We know that Russia exports interference, disinformation and instability, well beyond Ukraine. From cyber-attacks in Moldova to the deployment of mercenaries in the Sahel, Russia’s actions seek to undermine democracies, fuel conflict and spread instability far beyond Europe’s borders.

    And in recent weeks, we’ve seen provocative and reckless violations of NATO airspace in Estonia, Poland and Romania, against which NATO stands firm, and we will be ready to act.

    So the UK will continue to stand with Ukraine, providing the support it needs to defend itself now and to rebuild in the future. Rebuilding as a strong, prosperous nation, free to make its own choices.

    And so, I say to the representative of the Russian Federation, we will target your ailing economy, your oil and gas revenues that are paying for this war, the defence industry making your munitions and weapons, because we know for Russia, the price of war is piling up and the sanctions are tightening the screws.

    Falling energy revenues are squeezing the state budget, and oil revenues are now at a five-year low, but we will go further. Be in no doubt.

    And to our Ukrainian friends, I say you have the UK’s unwavering support now and for decades to come.

    And to this Council, I simply offer a reminder that 80 years ago, our predecessors came together as United Nations to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. That mission remains as noble today as it was in 1945.

    Each generation is tested anew, and we must rise to this test for Ukraine and for us all. Thank you.

  • PRESS RELEASE : Joint statement – offer to assist with treatments of patients from Gaza in the Occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem [September 2025]

    PRESS RELEASE : Joint statement – offer to assist with treatments of patients from Gaza in the Occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem [September 2025]

    The press release issued by the Foreign Office on 23 September 2025.

    UK and partners call on Israel to restore the medical corridor to the West Bank for vital healthcare.

    As the humanitarian disaster in the Gaza Strip continues to unfold, there is an urgent need to scale up medical treatment of patients from Gaza.

    We, the undersigned, stand ready to provide support in the form of e.g. financial contributions, provision of medical staff or equipment needed for the treatment of patients from Gaza in the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem.

    We strongly appeal to Israel to restore the medical corridor to the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, so medical evacuations from Gaza can be resumed and patients can get the treatment that they so urgently need on Palestinian territory.

    We furthermore urge Israel to lift restrictions on deliveries of medicine and medical equipment to Gaza in line with Israel’s obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law; to urgently and fully enable the UN and other humanitarian partners to do their life-saving work in Gaza; and in line with UN Security Council resolution 2286 (2016) to ensure that medical personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties are respected and protected, their safe and unimpeded passage is facilitated, along with their equipment, transport, and supplies.

    This statement has been signed by:

    • The Foreign Ministers of Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom
    • The Ministers of Development Cooperation of Finland and the Netherlands
    • The EU Commissioner for Equality, Preparedness and Crisis Management.